FUNDED RESEARCH PROJECTS

1. Sulfur isotopic equilibria in hydrothermal systems; NSF (National Science Foundation), 1/72 - 6/74.
2. Stable isotopes in hydrothermal systems; NSF, 1/74 - 6/76.
3. Geochemistry of cupriferous sulfide deposits at Raul mine, Peru; Cia Minera Pativilca, S.A., Lima, Peru, 1/75 - 6/76.
4. Experimental evaluation of geochemical conditions in geothermal energy systems (with H.L. Barnes and C.W. Burnham); NSF, 3/75 - 8/77.
5. Field conference on the Kuroko deposits; NSF, 6/78 - 12/79.
6. Stable isotopes in hydrothermal systems; NSF, 4/76 - 9/80.
7. Genesis of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits; NSF, 5/79 - 10/81.
8. The U.S.-Japan-Canada cooperative research project on the genesis of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (Project leader); NSF, 8/78 - 1/82.
9. The U.S.-Japan-Canada cooperative research project on the genesis of volcanogenic massive sulfide deposits (Project leader); NSF, 8/81 - 1/83.
10. Geochemistry of molybdenum-quartz veins at Ord Mountain Prospect, California; Patino Management Service, 8/81 - 8/82.
11. Stratiform copper, copper-cobalt, and copper-uranium deposits in sedimentary rocks (with A. W. Rose); NSF, 4/81 - 9/83.
12. Stable isotope geochemistry of hydrothermal systems; NSF, 6/80 - 12/84.
13. Stratiform copper and copper-cobalt deposits in sedimentary rocks (with A.W. Rose); NSF, 3/84 - 2/86.
14. Geochemical and hydrological processes for the formation of massive sulfide deposits; NSF, 3/84 - 8/87.
15. Sulfur and carbon reactions in hydrothermal systems; NSF, 9/85 - 2/89.
16. Acquisition of a mass spectrometer and a laser ablation system for micro-analyses of sulfur, carbon, oxygen and hydrogen isotopic compositions of natural and synthetic samples; NSF, 9/88 - 8/89.
17. Paragenesis, fluid inclusion, and isotopic investigations of formation of pressure chambers; Gas Research Institute, 11/88 - 10/91.
18. Mineralogical and isotopic properties of hydrothermal pyrite in relation to their formational mechanisms; NSF, 6/90 - 12/92.
19. Sulfur chemistry and sulfate reducing bacteria of Archean oceans; NSF, 7/90 - 1/93.
20. Formation mechanisms and properties of iron sulfides: collaborate research project between Tohoku University and Penn State University; The Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 4/90 - 3/93.
21. Kinetics of chemical and isotopic reactions between solids and hydrothermal solutions; The Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 4/88 - 3/91.
22. Surface environments, biological activities, and elemental cycles in the early Earth; The Japanese Ministry of Education, Science and Culture, 4/91 - 3/95.
23. Roles of hydrothermal processes in biological evolution; The Japanese Ministry of Education, Science, and Culture, 4/95 - 3/97.
24. Kinetics of oxidation of organic matter and pyrite; Nuclear Power Corp., 4/95 - 3/98.
25. Applications of stable isotopes in mineral exploration; Metal Mining Agency of Japan, 4/93 - 3/98.
26. Origins of gold, uraninite, pyrite, and organic matter in conglomerates of Archean and early Proterozoic; NSF, 6/97 - 5/99.
27. Search for new evidence in pre-2.0 Ga paleosols for the early evolution of atmospheric oxygen and terrestrial biota; NASA Exobiology Program, 1/00 - 7/03.
28. Creating the Penn State Astrobiology Research Center; NASA Astrobiology Institute, 7/98- 10/03.
29. Exploring New Frontiers of the Connections Between the Biological and the Environmental Evolution of the Early Earth; NASA Astrobiology Institute, 10/99 - 10/03.
30. The Archean biosphere drilling project; NASA Astrobiology Institute, 6/03-5/04.
31. Characterizing the early biosphere on land:  NASA Exobiology Program, 4/1/04-3/31/05.
32. Kinetics of the formation and transformation of iron oxides in hydrothermal systems; NSF, 07/03 - 06/06.
33. The evolution of a habitable planet; NASA Astrobiology Institute, 11/03-10/08.